How West Virginia Became the Front Line for the Vaccine Wars

O
N A CRISP DRY DAY in Beckley, West Virginia, last September, 35-year-old litigator Chris Smith wore his lucky purple tie to court. With a wry smile, round face, and piercing blue eyes behind metal-rimmed glasses, Smith enjoyed a hard fight. But as he slid into his seat for defense counsel in a courtroom crowded with lawyers, luck did not seem to be on his side.

Smith’s client, the West Virginia Board of Education, faced an uphill battle to save the state’s compulsory-vaccination law, which for 89 years had helped thwart the spread of infectious diseases. The state’s ambitious Republican governor, Patrick Morrisey, was aiming to allow parents a religious exemption to school vaccinations. He had powerful outside allies in his fight, including Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and one of his close confidants, a lawyer now seated to Smith’s right, Aaron Siri.

Siri, 48, bald and compact with lively dark eyes, looked ready to spar. While most of the lawyers in the courtroom were native West Virginians, Siri is a New York City plaintiff lawyer who’d relocated to Arizona and had spent more than a decade aiming to dismantle any law or regulation that mandated vaccination. As he’d put it in a 2022 tweet: “Mandates are the tool of bullies, criminals, and dictators.” His firm, Siri & Glimstad, has litigated state by state to loosen vaccine laws.

Schoolchildren in West Virginia can only skip required vaccines for medical reasons. In a state with roughly 235,000 kids in school, the health department issued only 203 full medical exemptions from 2015 to 2025. Siri was representing Miranda Guzman, a mother battling the education board so she could exempt her child from school vaccinations.

Siri now confronted Dr. Jacob Kilgore, the Raleigh County Board of Education’s expert witness, sitting placidly on the witness stand. Kilgore, medical director of the Mars­hall Health Network – Hoops Family Children’s Hospital and one of only seven pediatric infectious-disease doctors in West Virginia, was so well-known to those present that even Judge Michael Froble had waived the need to establish his expert credentials. Kilgore was courteous and mild-mannered to a fault. The left side of his face bore a large hemangioma birthmark, a lifelong challenge that had partly inspired his commitment to medicine.

Siri ticked through diseases, asking Kilgore: In a less-densely populated state like West Virginia, would religious exemptions really impact the level of immunity to measles?

“I think it depends on what you mean by ‘densely populated,’” Kilgore responded.

“Well, how about West Virginia versus New York City?” Siri asked.

“What part of West Virginia?” Kilgore replied. “Name a city in West Virginia. Any.”

“I don’t know,” Siri said, eliciting laughter in the courtroom.

“Just name a city in West Virginia.”

“Sure,” Siri said. “The biggest city in Raleigh County.”

“Can you name it for me?” Kilgore continued. The correct answer, which eluded Siri, was Beckley — the city they were in.

“You got me,” Siri acknowledged, telling the judge what was already obvious. “He got me, your honor.”

Aubrey Sparks, legal director at the West Virginia ACLU, who was in the courtroom that day, says, “There’s a real assumption sometimes that bringing people in from out of state means more firepower or better attorneys.”

But to her, the exchange encapsulated West Virginia’s unique go-it-alone ethos. “You might specialize in this type of case,” she says of Siri, “but you don’t specialize in West Virginia.”

‘Y’all Means All’

In an era of partisan rage over public-health mandates and growing antipathy to scientific expertise, vaccination in America is on a knife’s edge.

For almost a century, the public has largely agreed on a social compact: We should vaccinate our kids not only to prevent indivi­dual harm, but to also shield the more vulnerable among us, whether the immune-compromised or infants too young to be vaccinated.

The public school system has stood at the center of that compact, with the requirement that children be vaccinated to attend, all but guaranteeing that our communities reach herd immunity, the level of protection that makes it harder for frightening infectious diseases — whether polio or measles — to take hold. A 1905 U.S. Supreme Court ruling, Jacobson v. Massachusetts, affirmed the right of states to require vaccination.

But fighting in the name of religious, medical, and personal freedom, an array of lawyers, state and federal officials, and President Donald Trump himself are seeking to break that compact. And though their progress has been slowed by federal courts, painstaking local resistance, and the sheer complication of dismantling existing vaccine policy, a change is clearly afoot.

Since Kennedy became the nation’s health secretary in February 2025, vaccination rates for kindergartners have dropped more than two percent, parental requests for religious or philosophical exemptions to vaccinations for school entry have climbed to four percent, and infectious diseases once vanquished have ticked up. Measles — declared eliminated in the U.S. in 2000 — has surged to more than 3,600 cases this year alone, more than a twelvefold increase from 2024. A widespread outbreak in Pennsylvania this year led recently to four deaths, including two infants, according to state officials. (HHS spokesperson Emily Hilliard says “attributing the measles resurgence to President Trump or Secretary Kennedy fundamentally misrepresents when and why” it began — “pandemic-era disruptions” to routine vaccination started “years before they took office.” She says HHS remains committed to an “effective public-health response while respecting informed choice, parental rights, and religious liberty.”)

None of this is by accident. While Kennedy has sown parental doubt from his federal bully pulpit, it’s his legal confidant Siri, an expert in the circuitry of vaccine policy, with his hands on the motherboard, despite having no formal government role. Internal emails obtained by Rolling Stone show Kennedy offering to take departmental action to “be helpful” with certain private legal cases of the type Siri’s firm has pursued, and Siri advising Kennedy on departmental actions he can take to weaken liability protections for manufacturers without congressional approval. Siri says in an email to Rolling Stone, “I do not provide the secretary with legal or regulatory advice.”

Says a former HHS official, “What gets Aaron Siri up in the morning is to try and figure out every possible, conceivable tool to make it harder to vaccinate people in America.”

In the hydra-headed attack on vaccinations playing out across the country, only four states besides West Virginia — Connecticut, California, Maine, and New York — do not allow religious or philosophical exemptions. In August, Trump issued an executive order directing the U.S. attorney general to take legal action against them.

West Virginia is the only state among the five that has never permitted any exemption other than for medical reasons. Its compulsory-vaccination law has stood since 1937, an outgrowth of activism linked to coal-miner health and safety. “It’s hard to prevent the spread of pertussis in a coal mine,” says Dr. Joshua Hess, a pediatric hematologist-oncologist at Cabell Huntington Hospital.

Still, Siri had good reason to believe he could topple West Virginia’s vaccine law. In 2023, he prevailed in Mississippi, winning a lawsuit that allowed families to cite religious reasons to opt out of school-entry vaccinations. Since then, Mississippi’s vaccination rates have dropped by more than two percent, enough to allow a return of some infectious diseases. Last year, a baby there died of whooping cough for the first time in 13 years.

But in West Virginia, what began as a seemingly winnable campaign evolved into a complex legal showdown, with a number of intertwined court cases pitting West Virginia’s governor against the Department of Education, legislators within the Republican supermajority against one another, and locals against outsiders. The fight has even divided families, with one pediatrician testifying as a plaintiff to save the law, while his sister, a far-right state legislator, works to bring it down.

With Kennedy aiding his cause from inside HHS, Siri isn’t stopping there. Del Bigtree, the founder and chief executive officer of the anti-vaccine group Informed Consent Action Network (ICAN), which has funded Siri’s litigation in West Virginia and other states, says that bringing a case to the U.S. Supreme Court is “absolutely the goal.” He says they are looking for a “more modern decision” than in the 1905 Jacobson case.

If the U.S. Supreme Court takes a case on vaccinations for school entry, the decision could drastically impact public health. It could be “potentially as earthshaking as the reversal of Roe [v. Wade],” says Manhattan Borough President Brad Hoylman-Sigal, who in 2019 as a state senator helped tighten New York’s vaccination law to remove religious exemptions, after a widespread measles outbreak began in several under-vaccinated Orthodox Jewish communities.

Siri told me this summer, “The only position my firm takes on vaccines is that everybody should be free to get as many vaccines as they want, but at the same token, everybody should be free to be able to decline a vaccine.”

In West Virginia, though, Siri’s opponents are fighting for a long-held value in their state, where getting a shot comes as second nature if it means protecting neighbors, even those you don’t know. West Virginia is the kind of place, as Kilgore later puts it, where “y’all means all.”

‘All You Had to Do Is Write It on a Napkin’

The road to Smith’s faceoff against Siri began in the state capitol, a grand building with a gilded gold-leaf dome and taxidermied bears along the marble hallways.

Almost every year, some faction within the legislature has taken aim at the state’s vaccination requirements, only to meet with defeat. But on Jan. 14, 2025, the newly elected governor, Morrisey, a former pharmaceutical lobbyist who had aligned himself firmly with Trump and Kennedy’s Make America Healthy Again (MAHA) movement, issued an executive order on his second day in office. He directed the state health department to allow religious exemptions. In doing so, he leaned on a West Virginia law passed in 2023, the Equal Protection for Religion act, to claim that families could circumvent vaccine requirements if they didn’t align with their religious beliefs.

“It was really a philosophical exemption,” says Dr. Tom Takubo, a Republican state senator and pulmonary critical-care physician who is a vaccine defender and foe of the governor. “He called it a religious exemption, but all you had to do is write it on a napkin and have your child take it to school.”

Morrisey’s move signaled a new kind of threat. “We’d never heard of executive orders in the state, except to lower the flag half-staff or give state employees a Christmas Eve ball,” says retired lawyer Robin Godfrey.

A spokesperson for Morrisey says, “The governor’s position remains that West Virginia can protect public health while respecting the religious-liberty protections provided under state law.”

Godfrey formed the pro-vaccine volunteer group Stand for Kids, which now has coordinators in 44 of West Virginia’s 55 counties. By February, a handful of parents formed West Virginia Families for Immunizations, with backing from the national group American Families for Vaccines, which receives some funding from vaccine manufacturers.

With Republicans holding a supermajority in the West Virginia Legislature, Senate Bill 460 — which would have inscribed Morrisey’s executive order into law — seemed like a foregone conclusion.

A month after Morrisey’s executive order, the Senate Health and Human Resources Committee held a hearing. While three local pediatricians got about five minutes each, Siri was brought in virtually for nearly an hour. “West Virginia sits as an outlier in not respecting people’s individual and civil rights to be able to affirm their religious beliefs,” Siri testified.

“In one of the areas where we lead the country, people relied on a lawyer from out of town who came in on a Teams meeting,” says Joey Garcia, who sits on the health committee and is one of two Senate Democrats. “He kept talking and talking,” but the gist “didn’t make a whole bunch of sense for West Virginia.”

The bill cleared the Senate and went to the House of Delegates, seemingly on a fast track to pass. But activists deluged legislators with calls, emails, and visits that flipped votes. Last March, the bill was defeated 56-42. “That’s the power of the advocate voice in West Virgi­nia,” says Jessie Ice, co-director of West Virginia Families for Immunizations.

But the fight wasn’t over.

What Makes West Virginia Different

On April 24, 2025, in Lowell, Indiana, Liam Dahlberg came home from school with a headache so severe he was “crying in excruciating pain,” his mother, Ashlee, recalls. After a trip to the ER, the eight-year-old was transferred to a Chicago hospital, where he was treated for a rare bacterial infection, haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib).

Within two days, he went from delirious to sedated to life support, and died on April 28. Liam was fully vaccinated, and the Hib vaccine has reduced more than 99 percent of cases in the U.S. since its introduction in 1987.

But as Liam’s family came to learn, his use of a steroid inhaler for severe asthma had weakened his immune system. In a school where almost 10 percent of students have opted out of vaccination for religious reasons, he was likely exposed. In the county where the Dahlbergs live, only 44 percent of children are fully vaccinated.

“Indiana allows religious exemptions, and because of that, my son lost his life,” says Dahlberg, who has become an advocate for vaccination. In the absence of stronger state requirements, she is considering whether to homeschool her other two children, one of whom also has severe asthma.

Historically, children whose parents decide not to vaccinate them have been the ones homeschooled. But as vaccination rates drop across the country, more parents like the Dahlbergs weigh whether to home­school their vaccinated but medically vulnerable children. This year alone, more than 200 measures to undermine vaccines were introduced in 34 states, with nine of them passing, according to a New York Times analysis.

As neighboring Ohio, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania have struggled to contain measles and other infectious-disease outbreaks, West Virginia resembles a “halo,” says Takubo. The last measles outbreak there, defined as three or more related cases, occurred in 1994.

Since 2009, there have been only two reported cases of measles in West Virginia, both in adults. Neither case turned into an outbreak. “Because of herd immunity, it didn’t spread like wildfire,” says former public-health officer Dr. Matthew Christiansen.

The resistance to weakening the state’s vaccination law springs not just from a sense of community, but from a practical accounting: the view that overwhelming rural poverty could greatly amplify the harms of an infectious-disease outbreak.

In the wake of the opioid epidemic, there are counties where close to half of the children are no longer being raised by their biological parents. Many of those children don’t even see a doctor until they’re five and must get vaccinations. The law has a transformative effect, says Takubo: “It gets these kids in front of a doctor for the first time.”

‘In the Beginning God’

Ask Chris Smith how he’s doing, and he’ll invariably say, “Livin’ the dream,” in a laconic drawl without a trace of optimism.

A partner at the Bailey & Glasser law firm, he works out of a storefront office on Capitol Street in downtown Charleston. The surrounding streets offer a mixed picture of espresso outposts and consignment stores.

Seated in an office conference room, Smith tells me his state is dying: “Every year we shrink. We’ve had sustained population loss. We’re one of the oldest states in the country” age-wise, “and they’re going to turn us all into a bunch of data centers and coal-slurry pits. We’re not going to be habitable much longer.”

Despite his bleak outlook, Smith owes everything to West Virginia, where his father worked as an engineer for local power companies. In high school, he loved chemistry and wanted to be a pharmacist. A 12th-grade mock trial changed his life. He graduated from both undergrad and law school at West Virginia University.

In 2024, Smith ran as a Democrat for the West Virginia House of Delegates, but lost in the general election, leaving him to wonder how best to make a difference. Saving the vaccination law would soon become his top priority, and what kept him up at night.

In the wake of Morrisey’s January 2025 executive order, the West Virginia Department of Health began to issue religious exemptions, the number of requests climbing to more than 570 within nine months. But on June 11, the Board of Education voted 9-0 to enforce West Virginia’s law as written and refused to allow the exemptions.

Within two weeks, Siri’s firm brought a lawsuit against the Board of Education on behalf of Miranda Guzman, a widow and neonatal ICU nurse, and one of the many West Virginians who had been granted a religious exemption for her child by the health department, only to find it blocked by the education board. Citing ongoing litigation, Siri declined to make Guzman available for an interview. But the complaint describes her longstanding Christian faith and “profound religious objections.” It states, “When Plaintiff is under conviction from the Holy Spirit, she is careful to obey, knowing that to do otherwise will entail eternal consequences.”

At a press conference announcing the lawsuit, Siri flanked Morrisey at the podium, as the governor declared there wasn’t “one shred of evidence” linking exemptions to negative public-health outcomes in other states. That very month, a measles outbreak in southwest Utah had been linked to the climbing number of religious exemptions, which had reached more than 25 percent in some counties. (A spokesperson for Morrisey says that Utah officials had identified unlinked cases at that time and were investigating.)

Siri says of his relationship with Morrisey: “As with many politicians, we share a common interest in protecting the religious liberty of all Americans.”

Siri then took to the microphone, citing how “millions of pieces of cellular and DNA debris” from fetal cells linked to aborted fetuses in two of the required vaccines were an affront to his client’s religious beliefs.

Siri’s claim, though vivid, is misleading, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics and other infectious-disease experts. Both the cell line and the virus used in the rubella component of the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine were derived in the 1960s from aborted fetal tissue, but have been grown in a lab ever since. The finished vaccine is purified and contains no intact cells. Even the Vatican has stated that it can be used in good conscience.

The Guzman case was ultimately assigned to Froble, who ran for the judgeship on a platform of “In the beginning God.” He wore a tie with a cross on it while hearing the case. “I thought that was a little odd, when you’re the arbiter of a case where religion is central,” says Robin Godfrey of Stand for Kids.

Smith assumed loss was inevitable and shaped his strategy to create the “best record we could for appeal,” as he recalls, with the only outstanding question being how long the death march was going to be.

A Nineties-Style Ransom Note

On Sept. 10, 2025, Dr. James Robert Neuenschwander took the witness stand in Froble’s courtroom, his manner confident, silver hair swept off his forehead.

Dr. Neu, as he was known, an integrative-medicine doctor from Michigan who sits on the board of the anti-vaccine group ICAN, was Siri’s first expert witness, and he’d submitted a report concluding that “a handful of religious exemptions” would present “no material risk” for vaccinated students.

Neu confidently posited that unvaccinated children would be likely to feel sicker, therefore be more likely to stay home when sick and, as a result, be less likely to spread disease. By contrast, vaccinated kids might pose the real threat, Neu testified, claiming that because they may remain asymptomatic, and because some vaccines do not block transmission, they could spread a disease like pertussis to unvaccinated students.

Siri then went further, asking if there are “any benefits” to children becoming infected.

“Yes. There’s some evidence,” Neu said, claiming that a study from Japan showed that getting measles and mumps reduced death from heart disease. Citing additional studies, he posited that high fevers from infectious diseases, particularly measles, could induce the remission of various cancers. “There does appear to be some benefit to actually having the disease itself,” he said, triggering scoffing in the courtroom.

Three infectious-disease experts say that Neu’s claims distort the truth: that infected children can spread disease long before they have symptoms, and that the risks of being infected far exceed any purported benefit. “In the 18th century, if people were sick, you quarantined,” says Dr. Yvonne Maldonado, the Taube Professor of Global Health and Infectious Diseases at Stanford University School of Medicine. “We don’t need to do that anymore because we have 17 diseases that we have essentially controlled” through vaccination.

“The studies [Aaron Siri] was citing are not accurate. Take time to examine it, it all falls apart.”

Chris Smith 

When it came time to cross-examine Neu, Smith’s co-counsel, Benjamin Bailey, a former federal prosecutor and a founding partner of Bailey & Glasser, asked about his qualifications. Neu acknowledged he had failed to complete his surgical residency, was not board-certified in pediatrics, epidemiology, virology, or immunology, had no formal training in vaccines, and had never practiced in West Virginia. In 2004, he’d been hit with a $400,000 judgment after being accused of wrongfully prescribing medication that had caused a patient’s death. “I chose not to fight it,” he said, and settled it through a bankruptcy proceeding.

Then Bailey explained that the California Board of Medicine had rejected Neu’s expert testimony as not credible. He read aloud from the board’s 2021 judgment: “The court says, and I quote, ‘He does not believe any children should be vaccinated.’”

Siri’s co-counsel jumped in: “Your honor, we’re beating a dead horse at this point.”

Two days earlier, Smith and other lawyers had filed an unsuccessful motion to strike Neu’s testimony: He’d been disciplined in Michigan in 2015 for improper medical treatment of a cancer patient, and numerous medical boards and other courts had found his expert testimony unreliable.

“The studies he was citing are not accurate,” says Smith. “Take time to examine it, it all falls apart.” He adds that Siri’s message is “driven by a bunch of pseudoscience. It very much reminds me of a Nineties-style ransom note where we take apart newspaper clippings.”

Reached by phone, Neu says his expertise lies in treating vaccine-injured patients: “I understand what’s going into the kids. I understand what the vaccines do. I understand how they can create the injuries we see.” He adds that he is not against all vaccinations. “We’re at a place right now that if we stopped vaccinating for measles, I think we’d be in big trouble.”

Siri says in an email, “Dr. Neu was chosen as an expert witness because he has the moral and ethical fortitude to state what the evidence actually shows regarding vaccines, even in the face of what mainstream journalists will write about him, rather than parroting mantras about these products.”

How Siri Got Here

In 2011, at age 34, Siri left the prestige and long hours of the law firm Latham & Watkins to strike out on his own, boasting a CV that included a law degree from UC Berkeley and a clerkship at the Israeli Supreme Court. Among the few cases he inherited from former colleagues, he represented a nurse who’d become disabled after getting a flu shot.

The case was his first exposure to the Vaccine Injury Compensation Program, the specialized vaccine court first established in 1988, which lets plaintiffs seek damages for vaccine injuries, while shielding vaccine makers from the kind of liability claims that, if pursued in open court, could drive them from the market.

Siri bridled at the limits of the program, which pits plaintiffs against the Justice Department but does not allow for typical rules of procedure and discovery. For Siri, the case was the ultimate underdog fight.

In 2015, in a pro bono case, he successfully challenged New York City’s rule that required preschool children in city daycare programs to get an annual flu shot. Though his victory would later be reversed by the New York State Supreme Court, it got the attention of Del Bigtree, a television producer who was launching a national campaign to end vaccine mandates and needed a knowledgeable attorney. The two men joined forces.

Bigtree’s organization, ICAN, which he founded in 2016, became a mainstay client for Siri & Glimstad, paying the firm more than $28 million for its legal services over eight years.

The relationship also brought Siri into Kennedy’s orbit. In 2018, the two men served as co-counsel, representing ICAN in a lawsuit seeking federal vaccine safety records from HHS. Siri went on to serve as the lawyer for Kennedy’s presidential campaign.

As ICAN grew, so did Siri & Glimstad, which today employs some 70 lawyers, half of whom work on cases representing the vaccine-injured, the largest such practice in the country. Since 2015, the firm has filed more than 1,000 vaccine-related lawsuits, with over 208 of those on behalf of ICAN, according to Siri.

Before long, Siri was bombarding federal health agencies with Freedom of Information Act requests and citizen petitions, in search of proof that the federal government had willfully concealed vaccine dangers, and aiming to have the FDA pull vaccines long proven as safe from the market.

“He and his law firm were very aggressive in challenging almost any public statement suggesting a vaccine was safe,” says Sam Bagenstos, who served as HHS general counsel under President Biden. “We had this constant set of letters from [Siri], demanding that tweets, speeches, get taken down.”

He adds, “He was behind such a massive set of FOIA requests and litigation, he was bringing lawsuits to grind FDA to a halt in service of anti-vax ideology.”

Siri says of his efforts, “The civil rights work for our clients seeks to increase individual rights, vaccine safety, transparency, and accountability.”

A Conveniently-Timed Letter

On Sept. 11, 2025, the second day of the Beckley trial, Siri took to the podium and tried to torpedo Smith’s expert witness, Dr. Catherine Slemp, a public-health expert who had served multiple roles in West Virginia government, including as health commissioner. From the witness box, she regarded Siri warily.

“Doctor, what is the federal Vaccine[s] for Children Program?” he began. The program helps states cover the costs of purchasing vaccines, a lifeline to immunize poor children.

“Everybody should be free to get as many vaccines as they want, but everybody should be free to decline.”

Aaron Siri

Once Slemp described it, Siri then brandished a document that he had not yet entered into evidence. “Are you familiar with this letter?” he asked. The letter had been sent three weeks earlier by the director of HHS’ Office for Civil Rights to West Virginia’s health departments, and leveled a threat. It directed the state to allow a religious exemption for school vaccinations or risk losing its $1.3 billion in federal funding from the Vaccines for Children program.

Siri asked Slemp whether the prospect of losing that funding would lead her to change her testimony. The exchange troubled Slemp. Siri was “so definitive about what the letter meant,” she wondered, was he acting “as attorney in this case or as an adviser to HHS, either directly or indirectly?”

It was a reasonable conjecture, given the close, almost decade-long association between Kennedy and Siri, one that had helped catapult him from an unknown sole practitioner to a key tactician behind the U.S. vaccination schedule’s deconstruction.

To knowledgeable observers, the conveniently-timed letter appeared to be the result of coordination between HHS and Siri — which Siri denies. Says former HHS general counsel Bagenstos, it is “extraordinary and irregular” to have “the federal government telling the state how to interpret its own laws” or pay the price.

‘Inside the Castle Walls’

On Nov. 5, 2024, 10 months before the Guzman trial began in West Virginia, at an election-night watch party at a Palm Beach, Florida, hotel, Siri laid out his vision for Kennedy’s tenure as health secretary, according to a person present, describing how lifting legal protections for vaccine makers could set up a cascade of consequences that might force them from the marketplace.

Siri was “ready to burn the place to the ground,” as the person puts it. Siri denies that he has “ever spoken toward any goal of forcing vaccine makers out of the marketplace.”

As Kennedy prepared to become health secretary, Siri played a central if unofficial role helping to run the transition while working out of the Palm Beach home of Dr. Mehmet Oz, who would become the administrator of the U.S. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Siri tapped nominees for key staff posts, and grilled them about their positions on vaccines. Siri and his legal partner Elizabeth Brehm also screened potential members for the federal Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), which is supposed to be independent of HHS.

In an affidavit as part of an ongoing lawsuit against Kennedy by the American Academy of Pediatrics, Dr. Diana Zuckerman, president of the National Center for Health Research, stated that Siri’s law partner vetted her for a role on the ACIP committee, asking whether she would be comfortable saying that vaccine decisions should be made solely between parents and a doctor, without the intervention of an expert committee. After she disagreed, she did not hear further from Siri’s firm.

In December 2024, The New York Times reported that two years earlier, Siri had filed a citizen’s petition with the FDA to withdraw a critical polio vaccine from the market, and that Kennedy had privately expressed interest in his serving as the department’s general counsel. The blowback led Siri to go to ground for months. But he never went far.

Inside Health & Human Services, Siri has no formal role, but at times has functioned as a shadow senior adviser, say five current and former HHS officials and advisers familiar with the dynamic. Kennedy has consulted him by speakerphone during departmental meetings. He cites Siri “all the time,” says a former HHS official, so regularly sharing his legal advice that department lawyers joke “Wonder where that came from?”

An HHS official says that Kennedy was advised as a matter of “optics” to maintain “distance and separation” from Siri, advice that has gone unheeded.

Additionally, Siri — who sues HHS with regularity — has gotten access to the agency’s top echelons. Last October, Siri and his law partner were able to schedule a video call with the agency’s most senior lawyers, according to a meeting record obtained by Rolling Stone. Says a former HHS official, “Bobby has turned the department over to Siri” seemingly to support their overlapping endeavors.

“Secretary Kennedy and HHS hear from a wide range of individuals and organizations who offer views, recommendations, and legal analysis on health policy. This does not mean these individuals or organizations direct or determine department policy,” says HHS spokesperson Hilliard. Siri says, “The work our firm has done, on behalf of our clients, for nearly a decade interacting with HHS and its agencies, including writing letters, petitions, and suing these agencies remains the same.”

In March, three months after Trump affixed his name to the Kennedy Center and most of the performing artists fled, it was Siri who presented his case against vaccines from the Millenium Stage. “He likes the fame,” says a former Siri & Glimstad lawyer. “He has main-character energy.”

But more importantly, says an attorney involved in a lawsuit against Kennedy, “he’s made it inside the castle walls.”

‘The Lawyer Version of Setting Something on Fire’

On Oct. 8, 2025, the third day of trial, Dr. Joshua Hess took the witness stand, to testify not as an expert but as a dad. His immune-compromised daughter, a high school senior, suffers from congenital anemia and is exceptionally vulnerable to bacterial infections after having her spleen removed.

Hess and another parent with a medically fragile son had sued the West Virginia health department in May 2025, demanding it stop granting religious exemptions. Their case, brought by the West Virginia ACLU and Mountain State Justice, a legal advocacy organization, had been combined with Guzman’s.

Shortly after Hess filed his lawsuit, a far-right member of the House of Delegates denounced it in an editorial for a West Virginia news site, claiming that the ACLU and the Board of Education were “fighting tooth and nail to crush a parent’s right to decide what is best for their child.”

Hess’ critic was his sister, Kathie Hess Crouse, first elected in 2022 on a platform of medical freedom, homeschooling, and Second Amendment rights. She had attended the Jan. 6, 2021, Stop the Steal rally at the U.S. Capitol, though denied she’d stormed the building. She did not respond to numerous interview requests.

On the day Hess testified, Froble made several key decisions that left some of the lawyers “agog,” says the ACLU’s Sparks.

He granted a motion from Siri’s team to certify all the families who’d sought religious exemptions as a class of plaintiffs, chose to limit the lawyers’ fact-finding process of discovery, and said he would consider issuing a statewide injunction against the Board of Education, even though it was murky as to whether he had that authority.

Says an attorney with knowledge of the case, it was “the lawyer version of just setting something on fire.” (A court spokesperson said the code of judicial conduct precluded Froble from commenting on the case.) Then, in late-November 2025, Froble issued a sweeping ruling against the education board that halted its efforts to block the religious exemptions issued by the health department.

The Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia paused the ruling based on a motion from Smith and other lawyers, and considered an appeal. But not before the Siri & Glimstad team filed its own response, denouncing the concerns of the Board of Education’s lawyers as “Chicken Little” in fear of the sky falling. “They called us Chicken Little,” Smith says. “We have a fairly collegial bar. That is kind of unhinged.”

‘Tired of These Tourists’

For months, Smith kept a nervous eye on West Virginia’s Supreme Court of Appeals, awaiting a verdict that would either shred or save the state vaccination law.

But on April 8, a different decision dropped. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit published its ruling in one of the other related court cases pitting West Virginia parents seeking religious exemptions against a county education board. The Fourth Circuit eviscerated the arguments of the Siri & Glimstad team and upheld the education board’s right to require vaccination, even in an online education program. Celebratory text messages flew among Smith and his colleagues. “It’s a loss for the Siri & Glimstad team, which brings great joy to my heart,” Smith says.

While the Fourth Circuit decision offered a glimmer of hope in the Guzman case, it was a different case entirely, brought by Siri in New York state, that loomed even larger for Smith.

In 2023, Siri filed a lawsuit against the New York State Department of Health on behalf of several Amish schools that had been fined for not requiring vaccination. A district court dismissed the case, and the Second Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the decision.

Legal experts believe the U.S. Supreme Court could end up taking the case. The prospect leaves Smith “scared to death,” he says. “Whatever we do down here in West Virginia ultimately may not matter if the justices write some opinion saying that the First Amendment protects your right to go to public school without a vaccination.” Meanwhile, he continues to fight his corner as the waiting phase of the Guzman case stretches on: “I am getting tired of these tourists coming down and telling us what our laws should and shouldn’t be.”

‘The Person That Doesn’t Give Up’

For most pediatricians, evidence of vaccines’ success lies in graph after graph showing the rates of infectious diseases plummeting after the introduction of certain vaccines. The iron lung for polio sufferers is a distant memory, and most medical residents have never heard the high-pitched wheezing of a child with diphtheria.

“The starkest reminder of the success of vaccines is going to an old cemetery and looking at all the gravestones of kids one year old and less who died from vaccine-preventable diseases,” says Christiansen, West Virginia’s former public-health officer.

But in countless public forums, and in his book Vaccines, Amen: The Religion of Vaccines, which he self-published last year, Siri argues that unsafe and undertested vaccines have been foisted on us by vaccinologists who conceal harm, in part to protect their own Big Pharma paydays.

To try to better understand what motivates Siri, I exchange dozens of emails and several video calls with him before he agrees to an interview. On June 29, we sit down at the JW Marriott in Washington, D.C.

The hotel is just steps from the National Mall, where Siri will be presenting later that day at the Trump-endorsed Great American State Fair. He reiterates the ground rules over coffee: Our interview is on background unless otherwise specified, and he will not discuss anything personal.

Casually attired in black jeans and sweatshirt, Siri has a jocular affable mien. His fight, as he explains it, is for the “fundamental civil and individual right” for people to make their own medical decisions. “The government is free to encourage and promote vaccines, but the line has to stop at mandates.”

While Siri insists his critique of vaccines is built on sound science and a forensic review of clinical-trial data, news breaks just weeks earlier that three studies Siri’s relied on to argue that vaccinated children face a greater risk of health problems than their unvaccinated peers have been “removed, retracted, or placed under investigation by the journals that published them,” The Guardian reports.

In response, Siri tells the newspaper the scrutiny is a “targeted assassination” and insists “the 

claim vaccines are ‘safe and effective’ is not supported by available evidence.”

Dr. Jake Scott, a clinical associate professor of infectious diseases at Stanford University School of Medicine, has spent nights and weekends working with colleagues on a spreadsheet of randomized controlled trials of vaccines — the gold standard for testing. The compendium contradicts Siri’s claim that the vaccines were never properly tested, says Scott: “I don’t tolerate bullshit, especially when it’s my wheelhouse.”

As Scott has scrutinized Siri’s claims, one particular sleight of hand stands out to him: Siri’s weaponizing of the package insert, a regulatory document that accompanies every drug. In his book, Siri writes that the FDA approved Recombivax HB, a hepatitis B vaccine given as a birth dose to infants, after a clinical trial that only monitored safety for five days and with 147 infants and children, assailing the brevity and small number of subjects as “ludicrous and unbelievable.”

But the active ingredient in the new vaccine had already been tested in at least eight randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trials — two with more than 1,000 subjects — with follow-up from between one to over two years. “Siri is auditing the bridge,” Scott writes in a Substack post, “and ignoring the foundation it connects to.”

Nonetheless, Kennedy is now HHS health secretary, and Siri is making his case on some of the nation’s biggest stages. But from where he sits, success remains elusive: No vaccines have been removed from the childhood vaccination schedule, though six of 17 have been moved to an optional category called “shared decision-making,” in which each family decides with their doctors. Even that shift has been frozen by a federal judge. “They should have just made all vaccines shared decision-making and left it at that,” Siri says.

As to the outcome in West Virginia, Siri expresses confidence that even if he loses, there remain plenty of paths — “through the legislature, different lawsuits, different approaches” — to a win. (As of press time, there is still no decision from the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia.)

A few hours later, as I traverse the Great American State Fair on the National Mall, I hear Siri before I see him. “This is a package insert,” his voice echoes from the Freedom Stage, a few audience members dotting the otherwise desolate lawn.

Wearing a blue suit and yellow tie, he says, “Let’s read it together,” the image of a package insert for the Recombivax hepatitis B vaccine appearing on a jumbo screen, a section highlighted to show that 147 healthy infants and children were monitored for five days after each dose in three small studies.

“That is what the FDA relied upon to license this product before it unleashed it to injection into newborn babies in America,” he says. “To call this garbage would be an insult to garbage.” One woman in front of the stage is slumped forward, asleep. Organizers soon gather, gesturing to Siri to wrap it up. “Who knows someone injured by a Covid vaccine?” Siri asks. About six people raise their hands.

One woman, who identifies herself as Shannon, tells me that she’s been following Siri for years, and tried to persuade her daughter not to vaccinate her own children. She vaccinated one and came to regret it. The child had those “black circles” under her eyes, she tells me. “That means poison.”

Watching Siri galvanize the few lone audience members in the withering heat, I recall our exchange at the JW Marriott that morning, when I asked him if he was a good lawyer.

The question made him pause quite a while. “A lot of times,” he finally said, a good lawyer is “the person that doesn’t give up.”

Additional reporting by Kaitlin Sullivan and Julia Shanker